Anomalies

Where a client's self-declaration disagrees with what its connection actually proved at the wire. A User-Agent is a claim anyone can set; the TLS, TCP, and HTTP/2 fingerprints below are measured from the bytes. Disagreement is the classic signal of automation dressed as a browser — though VPNs, proxies, privacy tools, and shared fingerprints produce honest mismatches too, so these are leads, not verdicts. Each check scans every co-observed pairing on record (each check previews its top 50 rows — the per-check view holds up to 500).

Browser claim vs. tool fingerprint

A User-Agent claiming a mainstream browser, observed with a TLS ClientHello the JA4+ database identifies as a non-browser tool (curl, a C2 agent, a library). The TLS stack is far harder to forge convincingly than the User-Agent header.

fingerprintUser-Agentclaimswire showsconfidenceseenfirst seenlast seen
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 13_2_3 like M… User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 13_2_3 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/13.0.3 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 2062 2026-06-11 2026-08-06
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/49.0.2623.112 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 81 2026-06-14 2026-06-14
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 76 2026-07-07 2026-09-09
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; vivo 1906; wv) A… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; vivo 1906; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/87.0.4280.141 Mobile Safari/537.36 VivoBrowser/8.9.0.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 65 2026-06-27 2026-08-03
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36 QIHU 360SE
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 47 2026-07-01 2026-09-02
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/85.0.4183.121 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 34 2026-06-27 2026-08-03
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0) AppleWebKit/537.36… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/106.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 26 2026-06-16 2026-09-14
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:32.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/32.0
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 11 2026-07-03 2026-08-31
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 visionheight.com/scan Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; In… User-Agent claims visionheight.com
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-Agentvisionheight.com/scan Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 7 2026-06-25 2026-09-04
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 14; SM-S928B) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 14; SM-S928B) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/18.2 Safari/605.1.15
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:132… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:132.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/132.0
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; LIO-AN00 Build/H… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; LIO-AN00 Build/HUAWEILIO-AN00; wv) MicroMessenger Weixin QQ AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/78.0.3904.62 XWEB/2692 MMWEBSDK/200901 Mobile Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-17 2026-09-12
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:133… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:133.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/133.0
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 18_1 like Mac… User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 18_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/18.1 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:133.0) Gecko/… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:133.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/133.0
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 6 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Edge
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/131.0.0.0
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 5 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 5 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 5 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 5 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Edge
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/122.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/122.0.0.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 5 2026-07-12 2026-08-31
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozlila/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.0; SM-G892A Bulid/… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozlila/5.0 (Linux; Android 7.0; SM-G892A Bulid/NRD90M; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/60.0.3112.107 Moblie Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 4 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 11_0_0) A… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 11_0_0) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/87.0.4280.88 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 3 2026-07-27 2026-07-27
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_1) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.62 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencehigh — repeated co-occurrence
high 3 2026-07-01 2026-07-01
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:129… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:129.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/129.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-08-14 2026-08-14
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; MI 8 SE Build/PKQ… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; MI 8 SE Build/PKQ1.181121.001; wv) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Chrome/66.0.3359.126 MQQBrowser/6.2 TBS/044807 Mobile Safari/537.36 MMWEBID/7941 MicroMessenger/7.0.6.1460(0x27000634) Process/tools NetType/WIFI Language/zh_CN
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-07-23 2026-08-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_0 like M… User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/532.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0.5 Mobile/8A293 Safari/531.22.7
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-06-29 2026-07-13
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-08-14 2026-08-14
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:129.0… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:129.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/129.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv… User-Agent claims Firefox
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:129.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/129.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Edge
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/128.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/128.0.0.0
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d191000_9dc949149365_e7c285222651 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as ngrok

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/17.5 Safari/605.1.15
Label distributionngrok
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 2 2026-09-14 2026-09-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.89 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-15 2026-06-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_5) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/73.0.3683.103 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-15 2026-06-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; moto g(6)) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; moto g(6)) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.89 Mobile Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-15 2026-06-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/535.2 (… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/535.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/15.0.874.120 Safari/535.2
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-15 2026-06-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/535.1 … User-Agent claims Ubuntu
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686) AppleWebKit/535.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ubuntu/11.04 Chromium/14.0.825.0 Chrome/14.0.825.0 Safari/535.1
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-15 2026-06-15
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows Phone… User-Agent claims Internet Explorer
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows Phone OS 7.5; Trident/5.0; IEMobile/9.0)
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-16 2026-06-16
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.71 … User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.71 (KHTML like Gecko) WebVideo/1.0.1.10 Version/7.0 Safari/537.71
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-18 2026-06-18
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/16.0.912.36 Safari/535.7
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-19 2026-06-19
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) App… User-Agent claims Safari
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0 Mobile/10A5355d Safari/8536.25
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6) … User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; … User-Agent claims Gecko
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.23) Gecko/20090825 SeaMonkey/1.1.18
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-25 2026-06-25
t13d190900_9dc949149365_97f8aa674fd9 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; SM-A505F) AppleWe… User-Agent claims Chrome
JA4 identified as Sliver Agent

The TLS ClientHello is produced by the client's TLS library and is far harder to forge than a User-Agent header. This fingerprint's dominant community label is a non-browser tool, so the browser claim contradicts the wire.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 9; SM-A505F) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.111 Mobile Safari/537.36
Label distributionSliver Agent
Confidencemedium — fewer than 3 sightings; the label is itself an inference
medium 1 2026-06-25 2026-06-25

showing 50 of 175 — view all →

Browser claim vs. measured captures

A User-Agent claiming a browser the catalog has measured, at a version inside the measured range, whose TLS fingerprint is consistent with none of this site's controlled captures of that browser. Where the check above leans on an external label, this one is grounded in measurement. The comparison is layered: a fingerprint differing from a capture only in handshake-variant extensions (session resumption, 0-RTT, session tickets, padding) counts as consistent and is not shown; a differing cipher list is the stronger lead (medium); matching ciphers with a differing extension or signature-algorithm set is weaker (low) — most often a field-trial, ECH, or build variant not yet captured. It sharpens as catalog coverage broadens.

fingerprintUser-Agentclaimswire showsconfidenceseenfirst seenlast seen
t13d1715h2_5b57614c22b0_a54fffd0eb61 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:140.0) Gecko/… User-Agent claims Firefox 140.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Firefox capture

The cipher suites match Firefox, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:140.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/140.0
Claimed version140.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 141 2026-06-11 2026-09-03
t13d2913h1_723694b0fccc_5671b5df5029 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 18_1 like Mac… User-Agent claims Chrome 150.0.0.0
TLS cipher list matches no measured Chrome capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Chrome. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 18_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) CriOS/150.0.0.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Claimed version150.0.0.0
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 138 2026-08-27 2026-08-31
t13d2913h1_723694b0fccc_5671b5df5029 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 17_4 like Mac… User-Agent claims Chrome 150.0.0.0
TLS cipher list matches no measured Chrome capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Chrome. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 17_4 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) CriOS/150.0.0.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Claimed version150.0.0.0
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 128 2026-08-27 2026-08-31
t13d2913h1_723694b0fccc_5671b5df5029 Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 17_4 like Mac… User-Agent claims Firefox 153.0
TLS cipher list matches no measured Firefox capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Firefox. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 17_4 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) FxiOS/153.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Claimed version153.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 127 2026-08-27 2026-08-31
t13d181300_e8a523a41297_43ade6aba3df Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Chrome 148.0.7778.96
TLS cipher list matches no measured Chrome capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Chrome. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/148.0.7778.96 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; GoogleOther)
Claimed version148.0.7778.96
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 111 2026-06-11 2026-06-15
t13d1517h2_8daaf6152771_dcad5a053991 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome 149.0.0.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Chrome capture

The cipher suites match Chrome, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/149.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Claimed version149.0.0.0
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 110 2026-06-16 2026-07-04
t13d2913h1_723694b0fccc_5671b5df5029 Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 18_0 like Mac OS X) Ap… User-Agent claims Firefox 153.0
TLS cipher list matches no measured Firefox capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Firefox. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 18_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) FxiOS/153.0 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
Claimed version153.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 82 2026-08-27 2026-08-31
t13d151000_8daaf6152771_18e8a06d9b2d Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome 153.0.0.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Chrome capture

The cipher suites match Chrome, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/153.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Claimed version153.0.0.0
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 39 2026-08-28 2026-09-16
t13d260900_6d1bcf7a4624_188c7f576dcd Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Chrome 151.0.0.0
TLS cipher list matches no measured Chrome capture

The offered TLS cipher suites match no controlled capture of Chrome. Cipher lists are very stable per browser, so a different one is a real inconsistency — though a TLS-inspecting proxy re-originating the handshake is an honest cause, which holds this at medium.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/151.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Claimed version151.0.0.0
Measured versions151.0.7922.174, 149.0.7827.103, 149.0.7827.53, 149.0.7827.115, 149.0.7827.114, 153.0.8010.47, 149.0.7827.54, 149.0.7827.201, 150.0.7871.187, 153.0.8010.36, 151.0.7922.170, 152.0.7977.83, 152.0.7977.82, 152.0.7977.65, 150.0.7871.114, 150.0.7871.115, 150.0.7871.129, 151.0.7922.72, 151.0.7922.137, 152.0.7977.75, 151.0.7922.173, 149.0.7827.102, 149.0.7827.156, 151.0.7922.71, 150.0.7871.128, 151.0.7922.108, 149.0.7827.155, 150.0.7871.125, 150.0.7871.46, 151.0.7922.109, 152.0.7977.64, 148.0.7778.179, 149.0.7827.200
Layercipher suites differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
medium 36 2026-08-03 2026-08-27
t13d1617h2_86a278354501_3e9721a6796e Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:153.0) Gecko/… User-Agent claims Firefox 153.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Firefox capture

The cipher suites match Firefox, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:153.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/153.0
Claimed version153.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 34 2026-07-29 2026-08-31
q13d0313h3_55b375c5d22e_fc7519ff7bc2 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:140.0) Gecko/… User-Agent claims Firefox 140.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Firefox capture

The cipher suites match Firefox, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:140.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/140.0
Claimed version140.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 33 2026-06-16 2026-08-15
t13d1715h2_5b57614c22b0_a54fffd0eb61 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:140… User-Agent claims Firefox 140.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Firefox capture

The cipher suites match Firefox, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:140.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/140.0
Claimed version140.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 32 2026-06-20 2026-07-26
t13d1615h2_86a278354501_a54fffd0eb61 Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:152.0) Gecko/… User-Agent claims Firefox 152.0
TLS extensions or signature algorithms differ from every measured Firefox capture

The cipher suites match Firefox, but the extension set or signature algorithms differ from every capture even after normalizing handshake-variant extensions. Most likely a field-trial, ECH, or build variant the catalog has not captured; occasionally mimicry. This sharpens as catalog coverage grows.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:152.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/152.0
Claimed version152.0
Measured versions146.0.1, 152.0.1, 154.0, 140.0.2, 151.0.4, 151.0.2, 139.0, 153.0.1, 155.0, 152.0.5, 153.0.3, 142.0.1, 153.0.4, 152.0.6, 150.0.2, 135.0, 132.0, 152.0.3, 148.0.2, 137.0, 141.0, 155.0.1, 153.0, 151.0.3, 144.0.2, 154.0.1, 134.0, 152.0.4, 151.0
Layercipher suites match; extension set or signature algorithms differ
JA4 labelunlabeled
low 30 2026-06-29 2026-07-15

OS claim vs. TCP stack

A User-Agent's claimed operating system against the initial TTL of its TCP SYN. An initial TTL of 64 is Unix-like (Linux, macOS, iOS, Android, BSD); 128 is Windows. A "Windows" User-Agent arriving on a TTL-64 stack — or vice versa — is inconsistent, subject to the proxy/NAT caveats above.

fingerprintUser-Agentclaimswire showsconfidenceseenfirst seenlast seen
6:56+8:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 56+8 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/145.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL56+8 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 10948 2026-07-22 2026-09-16
4:52+12:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 52+12 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL52+12 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 2717 2026-07-01 2026-08-03
6:58+6:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 58+6 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/145.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL58+6 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1799 2026-08-06 2026-09-16
4:53+11:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 53+11 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL53+11 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1760 2026-07-03 2026-09-02
6:42+22:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 42+22 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL42+22 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1691 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
4:44+20:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 44+20 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL44+20 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1510 2026-07-01 2026-07-21
4:43+21:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 43+21 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL43+21 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1402 2026-07-01 2026-07-21
6:41+23:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 41+23 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL41+23 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 1061 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
6:56+8:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 56+8 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/145.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/145.0.0.0 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL56+8 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 942 2026-07-25 2026-09-15
6:43+21:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 43+21 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL43+21 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 656 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
4:55+9:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 55+9 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL55+9 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 447 2026-08-03 2026-09-13
6:55+9:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 55+9 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/145.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL55+9 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 438 2026-08-06 2026-08-30
4:47+17:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 423 2026-07-31 2026-08-03
4:51+13:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 51+13 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL51+13 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 407 2026-07-11 2026-08-27
6:53+11:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 53+11 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL53+11 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 359 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
6:52+12:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 52+12 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL52+12 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 357 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
6:45+19:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 45+19 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL45+19 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 357 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
6:46+18:0:1440:mss*45,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 46+18 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL46+18 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 352 2026-08-03 2026-08-27
4:50+14:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 50+14 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL50+14 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 208 2026-08-03 2026-08-03
4:118+10:0:1460:62727,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) … User-Agent claims macOS
TCP SYN initial TTL 118+10 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) AppleWebKit/600.2.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0.2 Safari/600.2.5 (Gort)
Observed TTL118+10 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSmacOS
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 207 2026-06-13 2026-07-31
4:116+12:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 116+12 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/148.0.7778.96 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Observed TTL116+12 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 163 2026-06-11 2026-06-22
4:116+12:0:1460:62727,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) … User-Agent claims macOS
TCP SYN initial TTL 116+12 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_1) AppleWebKit/600.2.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0.2 Safari/600.2.5 (Gort)
Observed TTL116+12 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSmacOS
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 150 2026-08-01 2026-09-16
6:56+8:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 56+8 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/144.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/144.0.0.0 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL56+8 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 144 2026-07-25 2026-09-05
6:58+6:0:1380:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 58+6 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/145.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/145.0.0.0 (compatible; meta-externalagent/1.1 (+https://developers.facebook.com/docs/sharing/webmasters/crawler))
Observed TTL58+6 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 144 2026-08-06 2026-09-14
4:121+7:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 121+7 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/150.0.7871.186 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Observed TTL121+7 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 115 2026-07-29 2026-08-17
4:49+15:0:1400:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 49+15 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome/120.0.0.0
Observed TTL49+15 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 108 2026-07-29 2026-09-10
4:121+7:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) … User-Agent claims macOS
TCP SYN initial TTL 121+7 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Chrome-Lighthouse
Observed TTL121+7 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSmacOS
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 95 2026-06-25 2026-09-13
4:121+7:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 121+7 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/150.0.7871.128 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Observed TTL121+7 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 92 2026-07-20 2026-07-29
4:121+7:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; moto g power (20… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 121+7 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; moto g power (2022)) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/136.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36 Chrome-Lighthouse
Observed TTL121+7 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 91 2026-06-25 2026-09-13
4:54+10:0:1460:mss*44,10:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 54+10 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/147.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL54+10 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 89 2026-07-19 2026-09-15
4:121+7:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 121+7 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/151.0.7922.173 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Observed TTL121+7 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 78 2026-08-26 2026-09-09
4:54+10:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 54+10 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/150.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL54+10 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 67 2026-07-20 2026-07-28
4:48+16:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 48+16 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL48+16 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 60 2026-07-10 2026-07-17
4:50+14:0:1460:mss*44,10:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 50+14 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL50+14 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 60 2026-09-11 2026-09-16
4:47+17:0:1460:65535,3:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/124.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 58 2026-08-20 2026-08-21
4:116+12:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 116+12 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/148.0.7778.96 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; GoogleOther)
Observed TTL116+12 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 55 2026-06-11 2026-06-15
4:48+16:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 48+16 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/104.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL48+16 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 53 2026-08-21 2026-09-15
6:48+16:0:1440:mss*45,8:mss,nop,ws,nop,nop,sok:flow:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 48+16 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/149.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL48+16 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 49 2026-06-27 2026-07-04
4:56+8:0:1460:mss*29,11:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 56+8 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL56+8 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 49 2026-08-25 2026-09-10
4:56+8:0:1460:mss*29,11:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 56+8 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL56+8 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 48 2026-06-30 2026-07-16
4:49+15:0:1400:mss*20,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 49+15 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) Chrome/120.0.0.0
Observed TTL49+15 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 48 2026-07-28 2026-09-10
4:46+18:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 46+18 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL46+18 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 48 2026-08-21 2026-09-15
4:49+15:0:1460:mss*44,7:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 49+15 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/131.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL49+15 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 47 2026-06-11 2026-07-31
4:47+17:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/104.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 46 2026-08-26 2026-09-15
4:48+16:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 48+16 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL48+16 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 46 2026-08-21 2026-09-15
4:47+17:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 45 2026-08-21 2026-09-15
4:47+17:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/100.0.4896.75 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 43 2026-08-21 2026-09-11
4:118+10:0:1412:65535,8:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws::0 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Buil… User-Agent claims Android
TCP SYN initial TTL 118+10 indicates Windows

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 6.0.1; Nexus 5X Build/MMB29P) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/148.0.7778.96 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible; GoogleOther)
Observed TTL118+10 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSAndroid
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 42 2026-06-12 2026-06-13
4:50+14:0:1460:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 50+14 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/99.0.4844.51 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL50+14 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 42 2026-08-21 2026-09-15
4:47+17:0:1452:65535,6:mss,sok,ts,nop,ws:df,id+:0 Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleW… User-Agent claims Windows
TCP SYN initial TTL 47+17 indicates Unix-like

The initial TTL is set by the sending kernel (64 on Unix-like systems, 128 on Windows) and survives NAT. But VPNs, proxies and tunnels legitimately replace the sending stack, so this check never exceeds medium confidence.

Full User-AgentMozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/116.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
Observed TTL47+17 (observed + path distance → initial)
Claimed OSWindows
Confidencemedium — repeated co-occurrence, but initial TTL is environmental — capped at medium
medium 42 2026-08-21 2026-09-15

showing 50 of 500 — view all →

Bot claim vs. operator-published verification

A User-Agent declaring a major bot — a search or AI crawler or a user-triggered fetcher — observed from an IP outside the ranges that operator publishes for it, or inside a different operator's ranges, and confirmed by no other channel the operator publishes. Unlike the checks above, this is not a wire-vs-claim contradiction: it is the self-declared identity against the operator's own published verification channels — its crawler IP list and, where the operator documents one, forward-confirmed reverse DNS; either channel alone identifies. An IP no channel vouches for, arriving under a bot's name, is almost always an impersonator — scrapers spoof crawlers to dodge rate limits and earn crawler treatment. One exception is worded on its rows: operators that publish only their network rather than crawler ranges (Meta) — an outside-network claim there is an unverified anomaly, not proof of spoofing, unless the IP sits inside another operator's published crawler range. Claims one channel confirms while the other denies are identified, listed as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not here; the fully consistent side appears as identified on the fingerprint page.

User-Agentclaimsfrom networkverification showsconfidenceseenfirst seenlast seen
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Applebot/0.1; +http://w… Applebot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 67 2026-07-18 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Applebot/0.1; +http://w… Applebot AS13335 Cloudflare, Inc.
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS13335 Cloudflare, Inc.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 37 2026-07-11 2026-08-28
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… ClaudeBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside ClaudeBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims ClaudeBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges ClaudeBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerClaudeBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 27 2026-08-03 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Perplexity-User AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Perplexity-User's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Perplexity-User, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Perplexity-User publishes for its fetcher, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed fetcherPerplexity-User
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 26 2026-07-18 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 24 2026-08-03 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Amazonbot/0.1; +https:/… Amazonbot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amazonbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amazonbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amazonbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmazonbot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 23 2026-07-18 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; PerplexityBot/1.0; +htt… PerplexityBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside PerplexityBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims PerplexityBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges PerplexityBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerPerplexityBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 23 2026-08-03 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Perplexity-User/1.0; +h… Perplexity-User AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Perplexity-User's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Perplexity-User, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Perplexity-User publishes for its fetcher, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed fetcherPerplexity-User
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 22 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Amzn-SearchBot/1.0; +ht… Amzn-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amzn-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amzn-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amzn-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmzn-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 19 2026-07-18 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; OAI-SearchBot/1.3; +htt… OAI-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 18 2026-08-03 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Amazonbot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amazonbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amazonbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amazonbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmazonbot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 15 2026-08-25 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudeb… ClaudeBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside ClaudeBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims ClaudeBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges ClaudeBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerClaudeBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 15 2026-08-03 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Perplexity-User AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Perplexity-User's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Perplexity-User, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Perplexity-User publishes for its fetcher, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed fetcherPerplexity-User
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 15 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… OAI-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 14 2026-08-25 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… PerplexityBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside PerplexityBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims PerplexityBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges PerplexityBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerPerplexityBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 14 2026-08-25 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; GPTBot/1.2; +https://op… GPTBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 13 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://… Googlebot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Googlebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Googlebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Googlebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGooglebot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencemedium — softened: the source is the operator's own network, where a too-new range or a non-bot host is a likelier cause than a spoof
medium 12 2026-06-27 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Applebot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 12 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://… Googlebot AS13335 Cloudflare, Inc.
Outside Googlebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Googlebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Googlebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGooglebot
NetworkAS13335 Cloudflare, Inc.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 11 2026-07-11 2026-09-02
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Amzn-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amzn-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amzn-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amzn-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmzn-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 10 2026-08-25 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… OAI-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 10 2026-08-30 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; GPTBot/1.4; +https://op… GPTBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 10 2026-08-25 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 9 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Applebot/0.1; +http://w… Applebot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 9 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… ChatGPT-User AS396982 Google LLC
Outside ChatGPT-User's published ranges

This User-Agent claims ChatGPT-User, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges ChatGPT-User publishes for its fetcher, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed fetcherChatGPT-User
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 8 2026-07-18 2026-08-13
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bingbot/2.0; +http://ww… Bingbot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside Bingbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Bingbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Bingbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerBingbot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 8 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; DuckDuckBot/1.1; +http:… DuckDuckBot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside DuckDuckBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims DuckDuckBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges DuckDuckBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerDuckDuckBot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 8 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 8 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; OAI-SearchBot/1.3; +htt… OAI-SearchBot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 8 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… PerplexityBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside PerplexityBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims PerplexityBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges PerplexityBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerPerplexityBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-07-18 2026-09-11
CCBot/2.0 (https://commoncrawl.org/faq/) CCBot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Outside CCBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims CCBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges CCBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerCCBot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-07-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; OAI-SearchBot/1.4; robo… OAI-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… ClaudeBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside ClaudeBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims ClaudeBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges ClaudeBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerClaudeBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-08-28 2026-09-07
DuckAssistBot/1.1 (https://duckduckgo.com/duckas… DuckAssistBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside DuckAssistBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims DuckAssistBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges DuckAssistBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerDuckAssistBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-09-11 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Amazonbot/0.1; +https:/… Amazonbot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside Amazonbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amazonbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amazonbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmazonbot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; YandexBot/3.0; +http://… YandexBot AS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Reverse DNS check failed

This User-Agent claims YandexBot. No usable published-range snapshot covered the claim at ingest, and the reverse-DNS check the operator documents completed without confirming it — no PTR record, no name in the operator's rDNS space, or a name that failed forward confirmation. With no operator-published channel vouching for the IP, this is an impersonation signal.

Claimed crawlerYandexBot
NetworkAS41608 NextGenWebs, S.L.
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-08-04 2026-09-12
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Applebot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 7 2026-08-25 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 6 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bingbot/2.0; +http://ww… Bingbot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside Bingbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Bingbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Bingbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerBingbot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 6 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… OAI-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside OAI-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims OAI-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges OAI-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerOAI-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 6 2026-08-28 2026-09-15
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 6 2026-08-29 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Applebot/0.1; +http://w… Applebot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside Applebot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Applebot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Applebot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerApplebot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 6 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… GPTBot AS399804 Hostodo
Outside GPTBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims GPTBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges GPTBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerGPTBot
NetworkAS399804 Hostodo
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-07-07 2026-07-12
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; PerplexityBot/1.0; +htt… PerplexityBot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside PerplexityBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims PerplexityBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges PerplexityBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerPerplexityBot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… ChatGPT-User AS396982 Google LLC
Outside ChatGPT-User's published ranges

This User-Agent claims ChatGPT-User, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges ChatGPT-User publishes for its fetcher, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed fetcherChatGPT-User
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-08-03 2026-08-13
CCBot/2.0 (https://commoncrawl.org/faq/) CCBot AS36352 HostPapa
Outside CCBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims CCBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges CCBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerCCBot
NetworkAS36352 HostPapa
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-08-29 2026-08-29
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Amzn-SearchBot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amzn-SearchBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amzn-SearchBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amzn-SearchBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmzn-SearchBot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-08-28 2026-09-14
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bingbot/2.0; +http://ww… Bingbot AS399804 Hostodo
Outside Bingbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Bingbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Bingbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerBingbot
NetworkAS399804 Hostodo
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-07-07 2026-07-12
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; PerplexityBot/1.0; +htt… PerplexityBot AS399804 Hostodo
Outside PerplexityBot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims PerplexityBot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges PerplexityBot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerPerplexityBot
NetworkAS399804 Hostodo
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-07-07 2026-07-12
Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Geck… Amazonbot AS396982 Google LLC
Outside Amazonbot's published ranges

This User-Agent claims Amazonbot, but the connection's IP is outside the ranges Amazonbot publishes for its crawler, and no other operator-published channel confirms it. An IP no channel vouches for is almost always an impersonator — honest exceptions (a brand-new range not yet in our snapshot, or a proxy relaying a real fetch) are rare, and claims the operator's reverse DNS does confirm are excluded here (they surface as publication disagreements on the operator's page, not as impersonations).

Claimed crawlerAmazonbot
NetworkAS396982 Google LLC
Confidencehigh — the operator publishes how to verify its fleet and no published channel vouches for this IP
high 5 2026-09-08 2026-09-15

showing 50 of 331 — view all →

How confidence is assigned